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Severn class lifeboat in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. This is the largest class of UK lifeboat at 17 metres long. A boat ambulance in Venice Italy.
A boat is a watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water, and provide lift over it. Usually this water will be inland (lakes) or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed to be operated from a ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is something small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Some boats too large for the naval definition include the Great Lakes freighter, riverboat, narrowboat and ferryboat.
Submarines can also be called boats, despite their underwater capabilities and size. This may be because the first submarines could be carried by a ship and were not capable of making independent offshore passages. Boats may be used by the military or other government interests, or for research or commercial purposes; but regardless of size, a vessel in private, non-commercial usage is almost certainly a boat. In the Royal Navy, a boat is any submersible, whilst a ship is anything above water, even a rowing boat.
A boat in an Egyptian tomb painting from about 1450 BCE
Boats have served as short distance transportation since early times.[1] Circumstantial evidence, such as the early settlement of Australia over 40,000 years ago, suggests that boats have been used since very ancient times. The earliest boats have been predicted[2] to be logboats, or possibly boats made from hide or tree bark. The oldest boats to be found by archaeological excavation are logboats from around 7,000-9,000 years ago,[3] [4] though a 7,000 year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait.[5]
Being more capacious than carts and wagons, and suitable for both land and grass, boats were used between 4000BCE-3000BCE in Sumer,[1] ancient Egypt[6] and in the Indian Ocean.[1]
Boats played an important part in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia.[7] Evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered in various Indus Valley sites.[8]
The accounts of historians Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo suggest that boats were being used for commerce and traveling.[8]
Boats are used:
* by the government: military of a country (called a Navy), coast guard, or police
* by commercial shipping and Merchant Marine to transport goods
* by leisure yachtsmen (sailboats or motor yachts)
* by criminals called pirates, pirates that operate with government sanction are called privateers
Main article: List of boat types
A tug boat, used for towing or pushing other, larger, vessels.
Boats can be categorised into three types:
* unpowered or human-powered boats
* sailing boats
* motorboats
Unpowered boats include rafts and floats meant for one-way downstream travel. Human-powered boats include canoes, kayaks, gondolas and boats propelled by poles like a punt. Sailing boats are boats which are propelled solely by means of sails. Motorboats are boats which are propelled by mechanical means, such as engines.
For more details on this topic, see Glossary of nautical terms.
Aluminum flat-bottomed boats ashore for storage.
Several key components make up the main structure of most boats. The hull is the main structural component of the boat which provides buoyancy for the boat. The roughly horizontal, but chambered structures spanning the hull of the boat are referred to as the deck. In a ship there are often several decks, but a boat is unlikely to have more than one, if any at all. Above the deck are the superstructures. The underside of a deck is the deck head.
An enclosed space on a boat is referred to as a cabin. Several structures make up a cabin: the similar but usually lighter structure which spans a raised cabin is a coach-roof. The "floor" of a cabin is properly known as the sole, but is more likely to be called the floor (a floor is properly, a structural member which ties a frame to the keelson and keel). The vertical surfaces dividing the internal space are bulkheads.
The keel is a lengthwise structural member to which the frames are fixed (sometimes referred to as a backbone).
The front (or forward end) of a boat is called the bow. Boats of earlier times often featured a figurehead protruding from the front of the bows. The rear (or aft end) of the boat is called the stern. The right side (facing forward) is starboard and the left side is port.
A ship's lifeboat, built of steel, rusting away in the wetlands of Folly Island, South Carolina, United States.
Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used. Early boats include the bound-reed style of boat seen in Ancient Eqypt, the birch bark canoe, the animal hide-covered kayak and coracle and the dugout canoe made from a single log. By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood. In 1855 ferro-cement boat construction was patented by the French. They called it Ferciment. This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered (troweled) over with cement. Reinforced with bulkheads and other internal structure it is strong but heavy, easily repaired, and, if sealed properly, will not leak or corrode. These materials and methods were copied all over the world, and have faded in and out of popularity to the present. As the forests of Britain and Europe continued to be over-harvested to supply the keels of larger wooden boats, and the Bessemer process (patented in 1855) cheapened the cost of steel, steel ships and boats began to be more common. By the 1930s boats built of all steel from frames to plating were seen replacing wooden boats in many industrial uses, even the fishing fleets. Private recreational boats in steel are uncommon. In the mid 20th century aluminum gained popularity. Though much more expensive than steel, there are now aluminum alloys available that will not corrode in salt water, and an aluminum boat built to similar load carrying standards could be built lighter than steel.
A wooden boat operating near shore.
Around the mid 1960s, boats made out of glass-reinforced plastic, more commonly known as fiberglass, became popular, especially for recreational boats. The United States Coast Guard refers to such boats as 'FRP' (for Fiber Reinforced Plastic) boats.
Fiberglass boats are extremely strong, and do not rust (iron oxide), corrode, or rot. They are, however susceptible to structural degradation from sunlight and extremes in temperature over their lifespan. Fiberglass provides structural strength, especially when long woven strands are laid, sometimes from bow to stern, and then soaked in epoxy or polyester resin to form the hull of the boat. Whether hand laid or built in a mold, FRP boats usually have an outer coating of gelcoat which is a thin solid colored layer of polyester resin that adds no structural strength, but does create a smooth surface which can be buffed to a high shine and also acts as a protective layer against sunlight. FRP structures can be made stiffer with sandwich panels, where the FRP encloses a lightweight core such as balsa or foam. Cored FRP is most often found in decking which helps keep down weight that will be carried above the waterline. The addition of wood makes the cored structure of the boat susceptible to rotting which puts a greater emphasis on not allowing damaged sandwich structures to go unrepaired. Plastic based foam cores are less vulnerable. The phrase 'advanced composites' in FRP construction may indicate the addition of carbon fiber, kevlar(tm) or other similar materials, but it may also indicate other methods designed to introduce less expensive and, by at least one yacht surveyor's eyewitness accounts[9], less structurally sound materials.
Cold molding is similar to FRP in as much as it involves the use of epoxy or polyester resins, but the structural component is wood instead of fiberglass. In cold molding very thin strips of wood are laid over a form or mold in layers. This layer is then coated with resin and another directionally alternating layer is laid on top. In some processes the subsequent layers are stapled or otherwise mechanically fastened to the previous layers, but in other processes the layers are weighted or even vacuum bagged to hold layers together while the resin sets. Layers are built up thus to create the required thickness of hull.
People have even made their own boats or watercraft out of materials such as foam or plastic, but most homebuilts today are built of plywood and either painted or covered in a layer of fiberglass and resin.
The most common means are:

The Wanli Emperor enjoying a boat ride on a river with an entourage of guards and courtiers in this Ming Dynasty Chinese painting.
* human power (rowing, paddling, setting pole etc.)
* wind power (sailing)
* Motor powered screws
o Inboard
+ internal combustion (gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil)
+ steam (coal, fuel oil)
+ nuclear (for submarines and large naval ships)
o Inboard/Outboard
+ gasoline
+ diesel
o Outboard
+ gasoline
+ electric
o paddle wheel
o Water Jet (Personal water craft, Jetboat)
o Air Fans (Hovercraft, Air boat)
The water caterpillar boat propulsion system (Popular Science Monthly, December 1918, p68)
An early uncommon means of boat propulsion was referred to as the water caterpillar which is similar in construction to paddles on a conveyor belt and preceded the development of tracked vehicles such as military tanks and earth moving equipment. A series of paddles on chains moved across the bottom of the boat to propel it across the water.[10]
The first water caterpillar was developed by Desblancs in 1782 and propelled by a steam engine. In the United States the first water caterpillar was patented in 1839 by William Leavenworth of New York.
A boat stays afloat because its weight is equal to that of the water it displaces. The material of the boat itself may be heavier than water (per volume), but it forms only the outer layer. Inside it is air, which is negligible in weight. But it does add to the volume. The central term here is density, which is mass per volume. The mass of the boat (plus contents) as a whole has to be divided by the volume below the waterline. If the boat floats, then that is equal to the density of water (1 kg/l). To the water it is as if there is water there because the average density is the same. If weight is added to the boat, the volume below the waterline will have to increase too, to keep the mass/weight balance equal, so the boat sinks a little to compensate.
* Cabin cruiser
* Glossary of nautical terms
* Lifeboat (rescue)
* Naval architecture
* Raft
* Ship
Notes
1. ^ a b c Denemark 2000, page 208
2. ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 11. ISBN 0-19-814468-7.
3. ^ "Oldest Boat Unearthed". China.org.cn. http://lanzhou.china.com.cn/english/travel/50131.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
4. ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 431. ISBN 0-19-814468-7.
5. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
6. ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0-19-814468-7.
7. ^ McGrail 2004, page 251
8. ^ a b McGrail 2004, pages 50-51
9. ^ Are They Fiberglass Boats Anymore? by David Pascoe, Marine Surveyor
10. ^ The Caterpillar Is Now Being Applied to Ships, Popular Science monthly, December 1918, page 68, Scanned by Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68
References
* Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge. ISBN 0415232767.
* McGrail, Sean (2004). Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199271860.
Ship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Ship (disambiguation).
Italian Full rigged ship Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976
A ship /ʃɪp/ en-us-ship.ogg Audio (US) (help•info) is a large vessel that floats on water. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size and passenger capacity. Ships may be found on lakes, seas, and rivers and they allow for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare.
Ships and boats have developed alongside mankind. In major wars, and in day to day life, they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate highly sophisticated vessels to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[1]
These vessels were also key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread such inventions as the compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonization and the slave trade, and have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs.
As Thor Heyerdahl demonstrated with his tiny boat the Kon-Tiki, it is possible to achieve great things with a simple log raft. From Mesolithic canoes to today's powerful nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, ships tell the history of humankind.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Nomenclature
* 2 History
o 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
o 2.2 Through the Renaissance
o 2.3 Specialization and modernization
o 2.4 Today
* 3 Types of ships
o 3.1 Commercial vessels
o 3.2 Military vessels
o 3.3 Fishing vessels
o 3.4 Inland and coastal boats
o 3.5 Other
* 4 Architecture
o 4.1 The hull
o 4.2 Propulsion systems
+ 4.2.1 Pre-mechanisation
+ 4.2.2 Reciprocating steam engines
+ 4.2.3 Steam turbines
# 4.2.3.1 LNG carriers
# 4.2.3.2 Nuclear-powered steam turbines
+ 4.2.4 Reciprocating diesel engines
+ 4.2.5 Gas turbines
o 4.3 Steering systems
o 4.4 Holds, compartments, and the superstructure
o 4.5 Equipment
* 5 Design considerations
o 5.1 Hydrostatics
o 5.2 Hydrodynamics
* 6 Lifecycle
o 6.1 Design
o 6.2 Construction
o 6.3 Repair and conversion
o 6.4 End of service
* 7 Measuring ships
* 8 Ship pollution
o 8.1 Oil spills
o 8.2 Ballast water
o 8.3 Exhaust emissions
* 9
* 10 Notes
* 11 References


Ship models: USS Missouri BB-63. USS New Jersey BB-62. USS Arizona BB-39. USS Indianapolsi CA-35. Gearing Class Destroyer. USS Hornet CV-8. PT-109 Patrol Torpedo Boat. WWII Liberty Ship. WWII Landing Ship Tank (LST). WWII USS Gato Class Submarine. WWII Type VII German U-Boat. German Battleship Bismark. RMS Titanic. HMS Bounty. HMS Victory. America Racing Yacht 1851. Alantic Racing Schooner 1905. TRUCKABLE Pushboat. Harbor/Coastal. Open Ocean. Mini Push boat. LIVE ABOARD CONVERTED TUG.
Ro Ro Passenger Ship. Cargo ship - 2005 - 5125 DWT . 245 ft Dive Support Ship. Floating Hotel. . Oil field supply, survey and rescue vessel. Offshore Work-Accommodation Barge. Ex- Survey ship 57.7 m. Three masted Barkentine Sail training Vessel. Two Masted Top Sail Schooner. Former Coastguard Patrol Vessel. Passenger ship - 584 pax. 1987 Double ended shuttle ferry /RoRo . Freezer Trawler . Trawler Purse Seiner. 38 m Trawler . Purse Seiner. Oil Refinery & Aromatics Processing Plant. FLOATING DOCK - LIFTING 1800 TONS. Floating Dock - 118.4m no 4. 3500 Ton Floating Drydock . Floating crane. VLCC Oil Tanker. 27m workboat. Classified Ads. Engines /miscellaneous gear . Scrap . Portable 24" Hydraulic Dredge . Electronics Packages for Dp Vessel. 2 man submarine. Research Catamaran. 330m tanker. Floating Dock no 3. Floating Barge Hotel Hull. Aircraft Carrier. Floating Hostel for 394 men. High Speed Ferry Foilcat 2900 . . 122.38m Car & Passenger Ferry . 46m Dive ship/live aboard. Small Research Vessel. Motor fishing trawler - lobster long liner. Passenger ship /Casino vessel (855). 40m Day 450 pax 20 car ferry . 40m Day pax vessel . Survey / support vessel / ROV. 21 pax hovercraft. Small passenger/cargo ferry. Reefer Carrier - 1980 - 90.98m. Tanker - 330m - built 2000. General Cargo Ship 140 m. Dry CARGO MOTOR VESSEL 96.3 m . 42m, 350 Passenger daily cruise ship. 99,48M - 937 PAX- Day Ferry- 216 lane M -120 cars. Floating Dock no 5 4500 tons LC. Floating Repair Workshops. 3 Dry Cargo vessels . 250 pax Day Passenger Boat . 250 pax Day passenger vessel. Ocean going Survey vessel 1982. Day trip boat - 33.85 m. 1994. Former NOAA Survey 90'. Atlantic 333 Stern Freezer Trawler. Purse Seiner Deep Freezing Tuna. Fishing Trawler 35.5 m. Ro/Ro Car carrier 1980. Ferry/landing craft. Small passenger ferry - 25 cars , 200 pax. Day Passenger boat 43m 150 pax. 37 m Buginese Schooner. 4 Hydrofoils - 34.5 metres. Windjammer cadet training ship . Oceanographic Research vessel. 150 meter general cargo vessel. 150 meter general and container (Sister ship). 67 meter container vessel. MULTI-PURPOSE TUGBOAT GL-class 30.9m. Minesweepers. Dredger - caravan consisting of three vessels. Floating Dock no 6 2500 t LC. Floating Dock for sale no1. Floating Dock no 2. 47' Aluminum Catamaran . Whiskey Class Submarine. 153.73m Geared Bulk Carrier. 86,70 m Drycargo, Twin-screw vessel for lease. General Cargo / Research vessel for lease. Small RoRo Gen/Ref Pass/ Cargo Vessel . 27.8m Refrigerated vessel . 1976 Bulk Carrier 91.5m . General Cargo - converted to tanker 48.4 m. 1976 Coastal Tanker 59.6m. Chemical Tanker (FBC II 2G/1.5SG IBC) . LPG Carrier. Supply / Tug. Oldies but Goldies (Various). Freighter in need of engine repair 650'. 54.86 M Flat Top Barge 1989. General Cargo - 159 m.

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